National Liberation Primary Sources

AFRICA (Collections cover both Congo and South Africa)

Primary Source Collections:

• Decolonization Resource Center - Africa
  • This site has primary source collections listed along with stand-alone documents on Congo and South Africa.
• African History Sourcebook - Fordham University (Congo and South Africa docs)
  • Starts at "European Imperialism," then scroll to find "Fight for Independence."
  • Note - some links are dead
• Black Past - African History (Congo and South Africa docs)
• Emancipation of sub-saharan Africa - University of Luxembourg
  • The first few pages are on French/Belgian decolonization, then British decolonization follows.

CONGO

Primary Source Collections:

• Manifesto for Belgian Congo - Chapter 5: The Contagion of Independence
• Marxists.org - Lumumba Documents
• Documents Collected by the Office of JFK Concerning Congo

Individual Primary Source Documents

• Cartoon depicting Leopold II, 1884
• Nsala of Wala in Congo Looks at Severed Hand and Foot of His Daughter [photograph], 1904
• Mutilated Children and Adults in Congo [photograph], c. 1900-1905
• Punch Congo Rubber Cartoon, 1906 
• Speech by Louis M. Scheyven: "We Did Not Wish to Wage Colonial War"
• U.S. Department of Defense Newsreel: Crisis in the Congo
• Patrice Lumumba (1958) - "Speech at Accra"
• Patrice Lumumba's Last Letter to Pauline Lumumba
• Patrice Lumumba - "Our Wounds are Too Fresh and Too Painful"
• Cartoon by German Cartoonist on Decolonization (1959)
• Independence Cha Cha [Song]- (Wikipedia Article Explanation)
• King Baudouin's Speech (January 13, 1959)
• Patrice Lumumba "African Unity and National Independence"
• New York Times Article - Lumumba Assails Colonialism as Congo is Freed (July 1960)
• Lumumba Speech at the Opening of the All-African Conference in Leopoldville, 1960
• Speech by Mr. Khrushchev (September 1960)
• Report on CIA Assassination Plots (Patrice Lumumba)
• Speech by Malcolm X (1965)
• New York Times Article - Over the Congo, Lumumba's Ghost (October 1961)

Secondary Sources:

• Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism: Belgium's African Colonies
• Gale Encyclopedia of World History: DRC
• Encyclopedia of Race and Racism: Africa: Belgian Colonies

SOUTH AFRICA

Primary Source Collections:

• Facing History: Confronting Apartheid
• Apartheid in South Africa: A Brief History with Documents (Book)
• Anti-Apartheid Movement Collection

Individual Primary Source Documents:

• The National Party's Colour Policy (1948)
• South African Freedom Charter (1955)
• Speech by Oliver Reginald Tambo: "Appeal for Action to Stop Repression and Trials in South Africa" (1963)
• Mandela on Trial (April 20, 1964)
• Steve Biko Calls for Black Consciousness (1971)
• Operation Mibuye
• Umkhonto we Sizwe Flyer
• Anti-apartheid Poetry
• Anti-apartheid Music (Please cite each individual song used.)
• LA Times - 10 Essential Anti-apartheid Songs (Please cite each individual song used.)
• International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
• New York Times Article - Anti-apartheid Protest Gains Ground (September 1985)

Secondary Sources:

• Africa: An Encyclopedia for Students: South Africa
• Prejudice in the Modern World Reference Library: Apartheid of South Africa